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Cultural Tourism And Identity: Exploring Local Narratives
The feature paper represents the most advanced research with great potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a large original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides insights for future research directions and describes possible research applications.
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Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editor and must receive positive feedback from reviewers.
Editors’ Choice articles are based on recommendations by scientific editors of journals from around the world. The editors select a small number of recently published articles in journals that they believe will be of particular interest to readers, or important in their respective research areas. The aim is to provide an overview of some of the most interesting works published in various research areas of the journal.
By Kittichai KasemsarnKittichai Kasemsarn SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, * , David HarrisonDavid Harrison SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 2 and Farnaz NickpourFarnaz Nickpour SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 3
Submission received: December 7, 2022 / Reviewed: January 17, 2023 / Accepted: January 20, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2023
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This article aims to review and identify key challenges and opportunities in the relationship between cultural tourism, inclusive design and the field of digital storytelling. The literature review included searching Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for three key field keywords, drawing 421 articles between 1990 and 2022. Content analysis was applied to the literature findings and five categories with twenty-three themes emerged accordingly: (1) issues in tourism culture ; (2) diversity in museums; (3) inclusive design in museums; (4) motivation in the museum; and (5) digital storytelling in museums. The article further discusses the nuanced relationship between these three areas and proposes a preliminary framework to assist the future growth of cultural tourism through increased visitor motivation and diversity. Therefore, this work aims to facilitate cultural tourism as an activity that better reflects the diversity of its potential audience and proactively addresses their needs, requirements and interests.
Cultural tourism refers to “the movement of people for cultural motivation such as study tours, art and culture tours, trips to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments” [1]. However, cultural tourism is often considered a niche part of the tourism market, and is given less attention attracting fewer local and foreign tourists than mass tourism [2, 3, 4]. Between 1990 and 2022, cultural tourism has faced several issues. This review article focuses on two important issues affecting cultural tourism, namely, diversity and poor visitor motivation.
To connect with a wider diversity of visitors, this study used an inclusive design and principles. Inclusive design is defined as “a general approach to design in which designers ensure that their products and services meet the needs of the widest possible audience, regardless of age or ability” [5]. Adopting inclusive design principles helps make cultural tourism accessible to the widest possible range of users. These principles are also used to research, understand, and focus on people’s different ages, abilities, interests, and backgrounds, as well as their psychosocial inclusion needs [6, 7, 8].
To increase motivation, this paper explores the potential of digital storytelling—a digital presentation technique that combines narrative, plot points and characters instead of hard-hitting advertising [9, 10]. It has been used successfully by many cultural and heritage sites and has been integrated with other digitization approaches, such as museums and virtual applications. In addition, digital storytelling can convey interesting interpretations for various settings and subjects and help increase visitor motivation [7, 9, 10, 11, 12].
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This article aims to review the relationship between cultural tourism, inclusive design and digital storytelling, and identify specific challenges and opportunities. Moreover, it makes two contributions to the field: (1) it presents an initial framework for cultural tourism through inclusive digital storytelling and (2) it explores and examines the relationship of the three key areas identified.
The researchers used a systematic literature review from O’Brien and Guckin [13] and the PRISMA guidelines (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) [14]. The process consists of three methodological elements of the study: study design, conduct, and data analysis.
The inclusions and exclusions of this article were chosen with the aim of presenting universal problems in cultural tourism, illustrating worldwide trends, and suggesting links from the past to facilitate cultural tourism in the present. They are illustrated in Table 1 below.
At this stage, researchers search for studies from two main databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar as a secondary database. (When information was not available in Scopus or ScienceDirect, Google Scholar was used.) The combination of these three databases covers academic literature from journals, conference proceedings, and organizational websites. The search keywords are “cultural tourism and inclusive design,” “cultural tourism and digital storytelling,” and “inclusive design and digital storytelling” from 1990 to 2022 to gather information from the past for comparison with the current state of the industry. Next, search terms are applied to titles, abstracts and keywords from the specified database. In addition, the results from the keyword search are depicted in Table 2.
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Search results from all databases (from Table 2, Scopus totaled 106, and there were 313 from ScienceDirect) were imported into Endnote20, a bibliographic software. Researchers import by selecting from the menu, “Import into duplicate library” to exclude duplicate articles into other folders. As a result, 48 out of 419 articles were found to be duplicates and were removed from the software. So, the remaining articles amount to 371.
This stage consisted of three main steps: reading all 371 titles and abstracts, and browsing full articles. The researcher then grouped the articles into themes by applying content analysis and thematic analysis (gathering from common meanings), then categorized them based on topics such as problems, opportunities, trends, technology, and the relationship between CT and ID, CT and DST, and ID and DST .
However, due to the limitation of articles on some topics, especially in digital storytelling, there are some articles from both databases depicted in Table 3, mainly from 1996 to 2013. This is a research opportunity in terms of matching inclusive digital storytelling topics. design or cultural tourism. Therefore, the researcher investigates, using Google Scholar as a gray area (not indexed in the main database but potentially related to the topic) to find information about the background of digital storytelling, as well as case studies about digital storytelling in cultural tourism from 1990 to the present from books, conference and journal papers. Next, the researchers searched Google Scholar for the top 500 articles out of 20,000 hits by reading only the topic and abstract and selecting 50 relevant articles.
Systematic analysis of keywords illustrates the development of research trends and differences, as shown in Figure 1. Using this technique, researchers can clearly understand trends and relationships between all selected studies. A total of 371 articles remaining from Part 2 were based on the relationships between CT and DST, CT and ID, and ID and DST, recognized by the VOSviewer software. First, the researcher imported all 371 articles into the program and provided keywords so that the frequency of more than two appearances could be recognized by the program. The screening results were 115 qualified keywords out of a total of 1,101 keywords, as presented in Table 4 and Figure 1 below.
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Through the co-occurrence of all keywords from the 371 articles (Table 4 and Figure 1), it can be seen that most of the keywords in this field are about cultural heritage (eleven occurrences), which appear the most, followed by virtual reality (ten occurrences). ), and gamification, digital storytelling and culture (six instances each). However, there are some keywords in the field of inclusive design and cultural tourism (e.g., diversity, universal design, user experience design and accessibility) that receive low scores of around 2–3 occurrences. Therefore, this is an opportunity to fill a research gap that most studies overlook, which is to apply inclusive design with digital storytelling to support cultural tourism. A framework for implementing this can be seen in Figure 2, which supports the use of inclusive design and digital storytelling as tools to increase diversity and motivation for cultural tourism.
All studies were examined using content analysis, which involves thematic coding achieved by grouping the meaning of whole sentences or paragraphs rather than text. For the reliability test, the results were reviewed and collated by three researchers working together to discuss the final coding. In summary, there are five groups with twenty-three themes, as follows:
In the case of diversity, as a key issue,
Identity and cultural diversity, cultural identity and diaspora by stuart hall, ethnic and cultural identity, language and cultural identity, social and cultural identity, cultural background and identity, art and cultural identity, cultural and tourism, food and cultural identity, globalization and cultural identity, american encounters art history and cultural identity, cultural identity and diaspora